How is glass made: A Step-by-Step Process | Glass Manufacture |
Sand is the main ingredient for making glass. Containing mostly silicon dioxide, sand melts at 2300°Celcius. Common commercial glass is made with sand mixed with recycled glass, soda ash, and lime.
The soda ash lowers the sand’s melting point, making it more energy-efficient to produce. While the lime counters the soda ash's effect of making glass soluble in water. Other chemicals can be added to color the glass or give it other properties.
The mixture is now molten into a liquid. Then the molten glass is homogenized and more chemicals can be added. At this point, the glass is shaped in its required form, for example as a bottle or pane.
The final step is a controlled cooling of the still-hot glass object in a specialized kiln called an annealing lehr. Without annealing, glass is significantly weaker. To increase strength, even more, glass can be toughened or tempered using thermal and chemical treatments.
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